Friday, July 24, 2026

The Morning Call--The most fundamental macro risk is back

 

The Morning Call

 

7/24/26

 

The Market

         

    Technical

 

            Thursday in the charts.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/hypershrinkers-hormuz-hell-oil-soars-tech-wrecks-rate-hike-odds-rip?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE5MDg5Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDgzODQyNSwiZXhwIjoxNzg3NDMwNDI1LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.e3WFxKBpuilcI3slBCfvRN2QX5sXErJX579nINhII4c

 

            Thursday in the technical stats.

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/momentum

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/market-performance

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/sectors/rankings

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/signals/new-recommendations

 

Friday morning setup: US equity futures are seeing a modest rebound after posting their biggest drop this month, as Brent crude dropped back under $100 a barrel, and bond yields and rate hike odds - which track the price of oil one to one - halted their ascent. As of 6:00am ET,  S&P 500 futures rose 0.3%, with the index still on track for its first back-to-back weekly loss since the early stages of the Iran war. Tech stocks remained under pressure as South Korea’s memory and Japanese chip giants were pummeled. Treasury yields hovered just below their highest levels this year, while Brent fell more than 3% toward $97 a barrel. Traders are moving cautiously after a week in which stocks and bonds were rattled by the intensifying war in Iran, soaring oil prices and fresh concerns over whether massive investments in AI will pay off. Investors are now bracing for a weekend that could bring further escalation in the Middle East, ahead of a stack of earnings from AI hyperscalers next week.

Michael Hewson, analyst at iForex, said he was surprised by how well markets are holding up despite the sharp increase in oil prices. As for earnings, “next week is a really big week and it could be make-or-break in terms of where markets go next,” he said. “There’s an awful lot more nervousness now about capex, particularly when you’re talking about AI and where’s the return on investment coming.” To be sure, investors are contending with a growing wall of worry over AI spending, rising competition from Chinese frontier models, and increasingly crowded positioning. Amid soaring Chinese competition with open models which some accuse of being offered at dumping prices, the cost of tokens has tumbled and erased the entire recent "agentic" surge;  not surprisingly, stock prices of hyperscalers have followed suit.

 

    Fundamental

 

       Headlines

 

              The Economy

 

                        US

 

                          June building permits fell 2.1% versus consensus of -3.0%.

 

The July Kansas City Fed manufacturing index was reported at 17 versus projections of 11.

 

                        International

 

June Japanese CPI was up 0.3% versus estimates of +0.2%; the July flash manufacturing PMI was 54.7 versus 54.5; the flash services PMI was 51.9 versus 53.0; the flash composite PMI was 53.1 versus 52.8.

 

June UK retail sales were up 1.0% versus expectations of -0.3%: ex fuel, they were up 1.1% versus -0.4%; the July consumer confidence index was -17 versus -21: the July flash manufacturing PMI was 52.8 versus 52.0; the flash services PMI was 51.8 versus 49.4; the flash composite PMI was 52.1 versus 49.7.

 

The July EU flash consumer confidence index was -15.9 versus -16.8; the July flash manufacturing PMI was 52.0 versus 51.5; the flash services PMI was 51.6 versus 49.8; the flash composite PMI was 51.9 versus 50.3.

 

The July flash German manufacturing PMI was 52.2 versus forecasts of 50.5; the flash services PMI was 49.6 versus 49.0; the flash composite PMI was 51.2 versus 49.8.

 

                        Other

 

                          How useful is the University of Michigan consumer sentiment survey?

                          https://politicalcalculations.blogspot.com/2026/07/less-than-useful-data-michigan-consumer.html

 

                          Mortgage rates are the highest in a year.

                          https://wolfstreet.com/2026/07/22/mortgage-rates-rise-to-6-77-highest-in-a-year-driven-by-bond-market-fears-of-inflation-the-ballooning-debt/

                       

                          Yesterday’s jobless claims number was near historic lows.

                                  https://bonddad.blogspot.com/2026/07/the-no-fire-economy-sets-new-55-year.html

 

            Iran

 

              Overnight news.

              https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/trump-losing-patience-revenge-mode-after-13th-consecutive-night-us-strikes-iran

 

              The chokepoint risk.

              https://www.apollo.com/wealth/insights-news/insights/daily-spark/The-Chokepoint-Risk

 

            Fiscal Policy

 

              Questions to ask your senate candidate.

              https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/17/social-security-crisis-is-coming-do-senate-candidates-have-plan/

 

              Whatever we do, don’t let congress reform social security.

              https://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2026/07/23/whatever_we_do_we_must_not_let_congress_reform_social_security_1195898.html

 

Lessons that we can learn from the UK. (there is a little too much politics in this piece, in my opinion.  But there is also some good points)

             https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/the-uk-is-a-cautionary-tale-for-the

 

     Investing

 

            How instructive is the equity risk premium?

            https://www.morningstar.com/financial-advisors/is-equity-risk-premium-dead

 

            Space is the next internet.

            https://issuesinsights.com/2026/07/22/space-isnt-the-next-tulip-mania-its-the-next-internet/

 

            Update in valuations.

            https://www.advisorperspectives.com/dshort/updates/2026/07/22/market-valuation-is-the-market-still-overvalued

 

            A shift in market leadership.

            https://www.advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/2026/07/23/shift-stock-market-leadership

 

            Has bitcoin finally bottomed?

            https://talkmarkets.com/article/bitcoin-finally-bottomed-as-its-under-the-radar-rebound-gains-momentum-1784804574

 

            Costly mistakes.

            https://ritholtz.com/2026/07/vanguard-costliest-mistakes/

 

            The most fundamental macro risk is back.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/most-fundamental-macro-risk-back?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE5MDUwIiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDgyMTU1OCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3NDEzNTU4LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.zA9EUcQr05YU-WILYMqStvjx5ltRvwO1XVYexCug6Zs

 

            Thoughts from a bear.

            https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/closing-time-ai-bubble-sooner-most-think-ed-dowd-warns-iran-war-brings-global-recession

 

 

    News on Stocks in Our Portfolios

 

 

 

What I am reading today

 

           

 

 

Visit Investing for Survival’s website (http://investingforsurvival.com/home) to learn more about our Investment Strategy, Prices Disciplines and Subscriber Service.

 

 

 

Thursday, July 23, 2026

The Morning Call---AI's balance sheet time bomb

 

The Morning Call

 

t

 

The Market

         

    Technical

 

Wednesday in the charts***I can now copy ZeroHedge links for your reading pleasure

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/megacaps-dump-earnings-bullion-bond-yields-jump-oil-puts-july-rate-hike-back-table?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4OTcwIiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDc1MTUyNSwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MzQzNTI1LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.-tUHnatq2F_2DiKaHh_62hiAQSKH3Br-U058cMtL-H4

 

            Wednesday in the technical stats.

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/momentum

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/market-performance

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/sectors/rankings

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/signals/new-recommendations

 

            The meaning of high margin debt.

            https://trendlabs.com/this-chart-is-designed-to-scare-you/

 

            The high volatility factor is here to stay.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/high-factor-volatility-here-stay-goldmans-pasquariello-suggests-simplify-your-portfolio?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4OTI0Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDc1MDE4NCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MzQyMTg0LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.O9VEaEWxYgTBhGXuFMfce8fr--ipXB8eahNPz75CjGU

 

            One of these markets is wrong.

https://www.zerohedge.com/the-market-ear/one-these-markets-wrong?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4OTk2Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDgxMDIxOCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3NDAyMjE4LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.-WfV55n-O89YbvhefET87RaKFVnwmUVP_tijPL5mHR8

 

Thursday morning setup: US equity futures are lower as WTI breaches $90/bbl and Brent approaches $100/bbl (Houthi escalation in the Red Sea as two Saudi tankers were struck), pushing bond yields higher with longer-dated yields seen making new highs, globally. But Alphabet's underwhelming results - while dragging down Mag7 names - are boosting Semis / AI (CapEx spend) which may mean the market is returning to its barbell of longs in AI / Semis plus Energy versus shorts in Rate-sensitives. Overnight saw oil prices extend their recent resurgence with WTI crude topping $90/bbl. The Iran-aligned Houthis said they targeted two oil tankers in the Red Sea, potentially opening up another front in the war.US forces struck Iranian military targets including maritime capabilities, missile and drone storage facilities, coastal surveillance sites, and air defense assets, Centcom said. Commodities are led by the Energy complex; Base is higher, Precious is lower, and Ags mixed. Pre-mkt, US yields are up 3-4bps across the curve with USD flat. The surge in crude prices has dragged rate-hike odds higher (July very much back on the table)...In Equities, Mag7 is weaker with all 7 names lower with GOOGL, TXN, TSLA, and IBM all lower following earnings. Semis / Memory are bid. Defensives and Energy are higher with Cyclicals mostly lower ex-Industrials which are being boosted as part of the AI theme. Utils are bid with AI outweighing higher yields. European stocks fall as technology shares are dragged lower by STMicroelectronics, which slumped 17% after disappointing with its sales outlook. Elsewhere, Nestle posted its biggest intraday drop since 2020.Stoxx 600 falls 0.6% to 642.78 with 405 members down, 184 up, and 11 unchanged. Asian shares rose as sentiment improved on expectations that regional tech hardware companies will benefit from Alphabet’s plans for more AI spending. 

 

    Fundamental

 

       Headlines

 

              The Economy

 

                        US

 

                          Weekly initial jobless claims totaled 187,000 versus forecasts of 212,000.

                          https://www.zerohedge.com/personal-finance/aipocalypse-no-initial-jobless-claims-collapse-lowest-1969

 

The June Chicago national activity index came in at -0.2 versus expectations of +0.14.

                       

                        International

 

The Q3 UK business optimism index was -36 versus estimates of -40; the Q3 industrial trends orders index was -45 versus -40.

 

                        Other

 

                          The middle class isn’t disappearing; it is getting richer.

                          https://committeetounleashprosperity.com/hotlines/middle-class-isnt-disappearing-its-getting-richer/

                       

                          The good news about the economy.

                          https://www.carsongroup.com/insights/blog/dont-worry-be-happy/

 

                          The case for a weaker dollar (but I don’t think it a very strong one).

                          https://giftarticle.ft.com/giftarticle/actions/redeem/6f81f3d3-e6bf-46da-87f7-893a64bc4f54

 

            Iran

 

              Overnight news.

              https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/iran-blasts-us-fabricated-pretext-hit-pickaxe-mountain-launches-more-attacks-bahrain

 

            Monetary Policy

 

              ECB leaves rates unchanged.

              https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/ecb-keeps-rates-unchanged-expected-warns-full-energy-inflationary-shock-yet-come

 

            Inflation

 

              Increasing worries over inflation and rising yields.

             https://www.capitalspectator.com/iran-tensions-revive-worries-over-inflation-and-rising-yields/

 

            Tariffs

 

              Trump’s new Canadian tariffs simply prove that tariffs don’t work.

              https://reason.com/2026/07/21/trumps-new-50-tariff-on-canadian-goods-is-actually-an-admission-that-trade-wars-dont-work/

 

            AI

 

              More on the open (China) versus closed (US) AI models.

              https://werd.io/american-ai-is-locked-down-and-proprietary-its-losing/

 

              AI’s balance sheet time bomb.

  https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/ais-balance-sheet-time-bomb-goes-mainstream-leverage-might-be-much-worse-it-looks?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4OTQ4Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDc1MDc0OCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MzQyNzQ4LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.v57usHYWU1ujwQWvYXpjTtAuq3Nn6GwNugSGJVKxgqU

 

     Investing

 

            Security is an increasingly important factor in capital allocation.

            https://www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2026/07/22/security_is_a_rising_factor_in_capital_allocation_1195834.html

 

            Is the bull finally breathing?

            https://www.optimisticallie.com/p/a-full-bull

 

            Private equity assets stuck in ‘zombie funds’ are at an all-time high.

https://www.wsj.com/finance/investing/private-equity-assets-stuck-in-zombie-funds-are-at-a-record-high-4dbd01be?st=4X3PM8&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink

 

 

    News on Stocks in Our Portfolios

 

 

 

What I am reading today

 

           

 

 

Visit Investing for Survival’s website (http://investingforsurvival.com/home) to learn more about our Investment Strategy, Prices Disciplines and Subscriber Service.

 

 

 

Wednesday, July 22, 2026

The Morning Call---The rapidly changing AI landscape

 

The Morning Call

 

7/22/26

 

The Market

         

    Technical

 

            Tuesday in the charts.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/black-gold-bond-yields-big-tech-bullion-bitcoin-buck-all-bounce-ahead-earnings-bonanza?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4ODMxIiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY2NTI3NywiZXhwIjoxNzg3MjU3Mjc3LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.3ro7g0hbHCQ5PV_L1-3DNpZvq-wzF_NkJXy-G1htKP0

 

            Tuesday in the technical stats.

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/momentum

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/market-performance

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/sectors/rankings

            https://www.barchart.com/stocks/signals/new-recommendations

 

            The momentum bounce hits key resistance.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/fade-todays-record-move-btig-warns-momentum-bounce-hits-key-resistance?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4ODQ3Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY2NTYwMiwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MjU3NjAyLCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.t9URmE4zsbXFsrZ1tOMi_s2yHYXvmknyHld24ag9iyY

 

            The Market’s dangerous bet.

https://www.zerohedge.com/the-market-ear/markets-most-dangerous-bet?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4OTA4Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDcyNDE2MCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MzE2MTYwLCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.saMsgF_McOLwq3QmEzVJZajfvL4At7NiS7A36WFkioU

 

 

            The bond market is too complacent.

https://www.zerohedge.com/the-market-ear/bond-market-far-too-complacent?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4ODM4Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY2MDY3NCwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MjUyNjc0LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.stkp-OnTBhaiFSfDTycTChmF2qIL2z2wYyF6na-a9oE

 

            Momentum is brewing in bitcoin.

https://www.zerohedge.com/crypto/momentum-brewing-bitcoin?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4Nzk5Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY2NDIyNiwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MjU2MjI2LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.vme-dG3XwZxUhGLI9tfhFmBc46x9SEKwVl71Xkq28Lw

 

Wednesday morning setup: US futures are lower following a chipmaker-powered jump in Tuesday’s session, with Nasdaq 100 futures falling by 0.8%, which appears to be more of a retracement to yesterday’s strength than a move tied to oil or de-risking into today’s Tech earnings. Alphabet earnings are coming after the close. As of 7:00am ET, S&P futures are down 0.3% and Nasdaq futures slide 0.6%. In premarket trading,  Mag 7 stocks are mixed ahead of key earnings from Alphabet, Tesla and IBM due later in the afternoon. Nvidia is underperforming the group as chipmakers decline; GOOG leads. Defensives and Energy are leading; within Cyclicals Financials are outperforming.  Today’s macro focus is wholly on GOOG and the AI trade. Crude is leading the commodity complex with WTI at $88/bbl and Brent above $95/bbl for the fist time in 6 weeks, so far Equities have not been derailed as investors continue to think that Trump pivots back to a deal. In metals, Precious is leading Base; Ags are mixed but net higher. Dollar is indicated a touch lower as bond yields are flat. Looking at the day ahead, it’s a fairly quiet one. But we’ll get the UK CPI print for June, and earnings releases after the US close include Alphabet and Tesla.

 

    Fundamental

 

       Headlines

 

              The Economy

 

                        US

 

Weekly mortgage applications were up 1.9% while purchase applications were up 6.0%.

 

Month to date retail chain store sales grew 7.8% versus +8.2% in the prior week.

 

                        International

 

                          The June UK CPI rose 0.1%, in line; core CPI was up 0.3%, also in line.

 

                        Other

 

            Overnight News

 

              US greenlights Saudi nuclear deal.

              https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/trump-greenlights-saudi-nuclear-deal-uranium-enrichment-kingdom-possible

 

            Iran

 

Overnight news:

 

The US widened the scope of its airstrikes on Iran overnight, as President Donald Trump and officials in Tehran signaled a renewal of peace talks is unlikely in the near-term.

 

            Inflation

 

              Regional Fed reports indicate continued elevated inflation.

              https://bonddad.blogspot.com/2026/07/regional-fed-reports-indicate-elevated.html

 

            Tariffs

 

              The impact of politically (versus economic) motivated tariffs on the US economy.

              https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/macroeconomic-effects-tariffs-insights-180-years-us-trade-policy

 

            AI

 

              The battle for the future of AI:

 

                Summary.

        https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/battle-future-ai-open-source-models-101?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4NzgzIiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY2MDUyMywiZXhwIjoxNzg3MjUyNTIzLCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.C5jASMJrLei9KnG5Q5ZX_ehcdx7rC2dUUbhDsfGRBfE

 

 

                Point.

                https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2026/07/20/open-model-ai-is-good-competition-anthropic-openai/

 

                Counterpoint.

                https://stratechery.com/2026/whos-afraid-of-chinese-models/

 

              AI’s next breakthrough is looking scary

  https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2026-07-21/self-improving-ai-models-look-genuinely-scary?accessToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzb3VyY2UiOiJTdWJzY3JpYmVyR2lmdGVkQXJ0aWNsZSIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDY1Njk1NywiZXhwIjoxNzg1MjYxNzU3LCJhcnRpY2xlSWQiOiJUSUk4Q0tSS1YyVFQwMCIsImJjb25uZWN0SWQiOiJCMzFCNTRDQTI3MTE0NjAxOUQxMURCN0IxRUM4NTE2MyJ9.4u1WVif1-sfwGosG3VfNnxsxR5GCM8p0ffzyY-ZoNd4

 

                  And how about this: Open AI admits a model escaped containment.

              https://www.zerohedge.com/ai/openai-admits-model-escaped-containment-and-hacked-hugging-face-cheat-test

 

                  A generational transfer is taking place.

 https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/generational-transfer-taking-place-cash-crunch-coming-ai-hyperscalers?gift=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuaWQiOiIxMTE4ODY0Iiwic2VuZGVyVWlkIjoiUUhnc3BaZVVFS2E3RHhXM216eFlKbjhaWEFoMiIsImlhdCI6MTc4NDcyNDY0NSwiZXhwIjoxNzg3MzE2NjQ1LCJhdWQiOiJ6aC1naWZ0In0.Ff9IplSBUWlhkTRd9fZmmExGybzKt-V6DQMHcx3zf9E

 

 

     Investing

 

            Dealing with the unknowns.

            https://alhambrapartners.com/weekly-market-pulse-its-always-something/?src=news

 

            Economic momentum flips from blessing to curse for S&P.

            https://www.advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/2026/07/21/home-affordability-better-headlines

 

                MedTech sector near lows.

            https://talkmarkets.com/article/medtech-sector-is-near-its-lows-what-is-going-on-1784651295

 

    News on Stocks in Our Portfolios

 

 

 

What I am reading today   

 

  Home affordability is better than the headlines suggest

  https://www.advisorperspectives.com/commentaries/2026/07/21/home-affordability-better-headlines

 

  The failure gap.

  https://klementoninvesting.substack.com/p/the-failure-gap

           

  Best World Cup photos.

  https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2026/jul/20/world-cup-2026-best-30-photographs-gallery

 

Visit Investing for Survival’s website (http://investingforsurvival.com/home) to learn more about our Investment Strategy, Prices Disciplines and Subscriber Service.